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design thinking
Design thinking refers to design-specific cognitive activities that designers apply during the process of designing.〔Visser, W. 2006, The cognitive artifacts of designing, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.〕
== Origins of the term ==
The notion of design as a "way of thinking" in the sciences can be traced to Herbert A. Simon's 1969 book ''The Sciences of the Artificial'', and in design engineering to Robert McKim's 1973 book ''Experiences in Visual Thinking''. Peter Rowe's 1987 book ''Design Thinking'', which described methods and approaches used by architects and urban planners, was a significant early usage of the term in the design research literature. Rolf Faste expanded on McKim's work at Stanford University in the 1980s and 1990s,〔Faste, Rolf, Bernard Roth and Douglass J. Wilde, ("Integrating Creativity into the Mechanical Engineering Curriculum" ), Cary A. Fisher, Ed., ''ASME Resource Guide to Innovation in Engineering Design'', American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, 1993〕〔Faste, Rolf, ("Ambidextrous Thinking" ), ''Innovations in Mechanical Engineering Curricula for the 1990s'', American Society of Mechanical Engineers, November 1994〕 teaching "design thinking as a method of creative action."〔Patnaik, Dev, ("Forget Design Thinking and Try Hybrid Thinking" ), ''Fast Company'', August 25, 2009. "...design thinking is any process that applies the methods of industrial designers to problems beyond how a product should look. My mentor at Stanford, Rolf Faste, did more than anyone to define the term and express the unique role that designers could play in making pretty much everything."〕 Design thinking was adapted for business purposes by Faste's Stanford colleague David M. Kelley, who founded IDEO in 1991.〔Brown, Tim. "The Making of a Design Thinker." ''Metropolis'' Oct. 2009: 60-62. p. 60: "David Kelley... said that every time someone came to ask him about design, he found himself inserting the word thinking to explain what it is that designers do. The term design thinking stuck."〕 Richard Buchanan's 1992 article "Wicked Problems in Design Thinking" expressed a broader view of design thinking as addressing intractable human concerns through design.〔Buchanan, Richard, "Wicked Problems in Design Thinking," ''Design Issues'', vol. 8, no. 2, Spring 1992.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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